Time Event
3,200,000 BC Human ancestors in Africa ("Lucy", Australopithecus afarensis)
130,000 BC San people spread throughout Africa
25,000 BC Rock art created by San in South Africa
6000 Emergence of River people along Nile and Congo
6000-4000 Rise of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
4000-1000 Rise of kingdoms along the Nile
3500 First known written documents
1000-800 BC Bantu migrate into South Africa, Angola, Namibia, and Botswana
300 AD Rise of the Ghana Empire of Soninke people
600 AD Bantu cities, Great Zimbabwe, Dhlo-Dhlo, Kilwa, Sofala, flourishing through 1600 AD
639-641 Khalif Omar conquers Egypt with Islamic troops
700-800 Islam spreads through most of Africa
700-1911 Slave trade from 700-1911
800 Trade in gold, kola nuts, and slaves from sub-Saharan Africa flourishes
1000 Ghana empire at it's height
1200 Mali Empire, 1235 - 1600
1375 Songhai empire separates from Mali Empire
1439 Portuguese exploration
1441 Portuguese slave trade
1550 Other European slavers
1591 Fall of Songhai Empire
1652 Dutch (Boer) Colonize South Africa (Natal?)
1700-1717 Rise of Ashanti Empire
1700-1800 Atlantic Slave Trade
1795-1815 British seize control of Cape Colony (South Africa) from Dutch
1818-1828 Shaka unified Nguni people, rise of Zulu kingdom. Shaka assassinated in 1828
1830 Mzilikazi, a Shaka lieutenant, founds Ndebele state
1830-1834 Boers move north across Orange River, establish Orange Free State and Transvaal
1852 British grant limited self-government to Transvaal
1856 Boers proclaim Transvaal a republic
1867 Diamonds discovered at Kimberly
1870 Ndebele capital moved to Bulawayo
1871-1912 Global European Imperialism at its height:
1874 Britain defeats Ashanti Kingdom
1877 Britain annexes Transvaal
1879 Zulu war with Great Britain
1884-1885 Europe divides up Africa at Berlin Conference. No Africans invited.
1886 Gold discovered in Transvaal
1890 Cecil Rhodes conquers Ndebele state
1899-1902 Anglo-Boer war
1910 Formation of South Africa
1922 British settlers vote to secede from South Africa
1934 Racial laws forbid blacks from running business in Rhodesia
1948 Apartheid policy established
1950's Jomo Kenyatta, wars for Kenya independence
1957 First independent Black state
1958 South Africa independent from Britain
1958-1990 Apartheid enforced, blacks resettled in 'homelands'
1960 Mali becomes independent
1964 Northern Rhodesia secedes and becomes Zambia
1965 Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) declares (white minority) independence from Britain
1966-1968 Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland become independent states
1970 Portugal loses African colonies
1980 Zimbabwe gains independence from white minority rule (Robert Mugabe)
1990 Nelson Mandela freed
1991 Apartheid abolished
World Timeline
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Types of Societies
Hunter-gatherer. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary source of food is edible plants and animals collected in the wild, foraging and hunting.
Pastoralist. The primary source of food is domesticated herd animals. The society is still nomadic, following natural weather cycles and wild plant availability
Agriculturalist. The society is non-nomadic and based on agriculture and non-nomadic herding. Both plants and animals are domesticated.
Industrial. The raw materials of the food supply are agricultural but the society revolves around manufacturing and trade rather than agriculture alone.
